Understanding the implementation and sustainability needs of evidence-based programs for racial and ethnic minoritized older adults in under-resourced communities with limited aging services.

BACKGROUND: Evidence-based programs (EBPs) for older adults effectively improve health outcomes. However, there is a limited understanding of the unique needs of service providers as they consider adopting, implementing, and maintaining programs for older minority adults in low-income communities with limited aging services. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured interviews with key informants of community-based organizations (CBOs) to understand implementation and sustainability needs of CBOs within four racial and ethnically diverse Los Angeles County geographic areas. We performed thematic analysis of interview transcripts. RESULTS: Interviews were conducted with representatives from 25 senior-serving agencies providing aging-related EBPs. CBO representatives reported implementing EBPs in 8 domains: Falls Prevention (68%), Mental Health (64%), Caregiver Health (48%), Chronic Disease Management (48%), Diabetes Management (36%), Arthritis Management (28%), Physical Activity (24%), and Multiple Conditions Management (8%). Themes are presented using the six domains of the Bass and Judge framework for factors impacting successful and sustained EBP implementation. CBOs in low-income and diverse communities described unique challenges with tailoring interventions based on local community context (literacy, language), cultural context, and locally available resources (technology, safe community spaces, transportation) and faced resource-intensive administrative burdens through staff turnover, data collection, sustainable funding, and networking. CONCLUSIONS: Serving racial and ethnic communities has unique challenges that require tailored approaches and additional resources to ensure equitable access to EBPs for all communities. We describe suggestions for enhancing the effective adoption of EBPs among service agencies in under-resourced and diverse aging communities serving populations with aging-related health disparities.

A Systematic Review on Assessing Assessments: Unveiling Psychometric Properties of Instruments for Reactive Attachment Disorder and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder in Minors under Protective Measures.

BACKGROUND: Reactive attachment disorder (RAD) and disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED) manifest in individuals facing attachment system challenges, particularly observed in minors under protective measures. The lack of standardized tools for assessing these difficulties and uncertainty about the most effective instruments from a psychometric perspective prompted this study. AIM: Using the COSMIN checklist, we systematically reviewed instruments assessing RAD, adhering to PRISMA. METHODOLOGY: Examined tools included the Disturbance Attachment Interview, Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment, Relationship Patterns Questionnaire, Assessment of RAD and DSED, Development and Well-Being Assessment, and Reactive Attachment Disorder Questionnaire. RESULTS: Of the 10 articles analyzed, the results highlight a research emphasis on internal consistency and structural and construct validity, sidelining other properties. CONCLUSION: Most articles review structural validity and internal consistency. These measures are satisfactory but insufficiently evaluated. It is necessary to evaluate these tools using other indicators such as cross-cultural validity, measurement error, or responsiveness in adolescents under protective measures.

Mental health, suicide risk and the important role of self-esteem in Adolescents before and during coexistence with COVID-19 in Ecuador

Introduction/Objectives: COVID-19 has had a significant emotional impact on people's lives, especially adolescents. Therefore, the aim was to assess the predictors of suicide risk during the COVID-19 pandemic in adolescents in Ecuador by means of a longitudinal study. Method: The application of a longitudinal design with two measures: before the start of the pandemic and one year afterwards. The sample consisted of 137 adolescents between 12-18 years of age. The variables analysed were mental health, the risk of suicide and self-esteem. Statistical analyses were performed using mean comparison, correlations, QCA models and mediation models. Results: The results indicated higher levels of anxiety and stress after one year of the pandemic. In addition, a higher risk of suicide following the pandemic was observed in those adolescents with higher scores in emotional symptomatology and low self-esteem. QCA models and mediation models highlighted the importance of self-esteem as a protective variable between pre-COVID-19 suicide risk and emotional symptomatology and post-COVID-19 suicide risk. Conclusions: This study highlights adolescents' level of vulnerability to the pandemic and its significant psychological impact. It is important to detect which factors function as risks and which as protection against COVID-19 in order to implement intervention programmes that target these aspects and ensure better adolescent well-being.

Introducción/Objetivos: La COVID-19 tuvo un impacto emocional en la vida de las personas, especialmente en la adolescencia. El objetivo fue evaluar los predictores de riesgo de suicidio en adolescentes en Ecuador por medio de un estudio longitudinal. Método: Se trata de un diseño longitudinal con dos medidas: antes del inicio de la pandemia y un año después. La muestra fue de 137 adolescentes entre 12 y 18 años. Las variables analizadas fueron la salud mental, el riesgo de suicidio y la autoestima. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron mediante comparación de medias, correlaciones, modelos QCA y modelos de mediación. Resultados: Los resultados indicaron mayores niveles de ansiedad y estrés después de un año de la pandemia. Se observó un mayor riesgo de suicidio tras la pandemia en aquellos adolescentes con puntuaciones más altas en sintomatología emocional y baja autoestima. Los modelos QCA y los modelos de mediación destacaron la importancia de la autoestima como variable protectora en el riesgo postsuicidio. Conclusiones: Este estudio pone de manifiesto el nivel de vulnerabilidad de los adolescentes ante la pandemia y su importante impacto psicológico. Es importante detectar qué factores funcionan como riesgos y cuáles como protección frente al COVID-19 para implementar programas de intervención.

Reactive Attachment Disorder and Its Relationship to Psychopathology: A Systematic Review.

This study aimed to determine, through a systematic review, the relationship between Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) and the presence of psychopathology in children and adolescents, and to determine the existence of differences in terms of internalising and externalising psychological problems between the RAD group and groups with other disorders or with typical development. Following the PRISMA methodology, a search was carried out in the Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus databases. The search yielded 770 results, of which only 25 met the inclusion criteria. The results indicate a relationship between the presence of RAD and/or disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED), with the presence of internalising and externalising problems. These difficulties are more present in children with RAD compared to children without personal difficulties, or children with DSED, children with autism, children with intellectual disabilities or children with hyperactivity. It can be concluded that the presence of RAD has negative consequences on the mental health of children and adolescents, with these being greater in the inhibited group than in the disinhibited group, and with respect to children with autism or hyperactivity.

Prediction of psychopathology during the COVID-19 pandemic using linear and non-linear methodologies: importance of COVID-19 threat perception, emotional competencies and resilience.

The presence of a mental or physical illness prior to the pandemic, the perceived threat from COVID-19, resilience or emotional intelligence may influence the onset or increase of psychopathology during the COVID-19 lockdown. The aim was to assess predictors of psychopathology by comparing two statistical methodologies (one linear and one non-linear). METHOD: A total of 802 Spanish participants (65.50% female) completed the questionnaires independently after signing informed consent. Psychopathology, perceived threat, resilience and emotional intelligence were assessed. Descriptive statistics, hierarchical regression models (HRM) and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) were conducted. RESULTS: The data obtained through the HRM showed that the presence of a previous mental illness, low resilience and emotional clarity, high emotional attention and repair, and COVID-19 threat perception predicted 51% of the variance in psychopathology. Results obtained from QCA showed that different combinations of these variables explained 37% of high levels of psychopathology and 86% of low levels of psychopathology, highlighting how the presence of prior mental illness, high emotional clarity, high resilience, low emotional attention and low perceived COVID-19 threat play a key role in explaining psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS: These aspects will help promote personal resources to buffer psychopathology in lockdown situations.

La présence d'une maladie mentale ou physique avant la pandémie, la menace perçue du COVID-19, la résilience ou l'intelligence émotionnelle peuvent influencer l'apparition ou l'augmentation de la psychopathologie pendant le confinement lié au COVID-19. L'objectif était d'évaluer les prédicteurs de la psychopathologie en comparant deux méthodologies statistiques (linéaire et non linéaire).Méthode: Un total de 802 participants espagnols (65,50% de femmes) ont rempli les questionnaires de manière indépendante après avoir donné leur consentement éclairé. La psychopathologie, la menace perçue, la résilience et l'intelligence émotionnelle ont été évaluées. Des statistiques descriptives, des modèles de régression hiérarchique (HRM) et une analyse qualitative comparative floue (fsQCA) ont été effectués.Résultats: Les données obtenues grâce au HRM ont montré que la présence d'une maladie mentale antérieure, une faible résilience et une clarté émotionnelle réduite, une attention et une réparation émotionnelles élevées, ainsi que la perception de la menace COVID-19, ont prédit 51% de la variance de la psychopathologie. Les résultats obtenus à partir de QCA ont montré que différentes combinaisons de ces variables expliquaient 37% des niveaux élevés de psychopathologie et 86% des niveaux faibles de psychopathologie, mettant en évidence l'importance de la présence d'une maladie mentale antérieure, d'une clarté émotionnelle élevée, d'une résilience élevée, d'une attention émotionnelle réduite et d'une menace perçue de COVID-19 faible dans l'explication de la psychopathologie.Conclusions: Ces aspects aideront à promouvoir les ressources personnelles pour atténuer la psychopathologie dans les situations de confinement.

YES, WE COPE: Dyadic Coping as a Mediator Between Perceived Relationship Quality and Emotional Representation of COVID-19.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about social changes that have impacted the functioning and dynamics of couples in a romantic relationship, arising from the overwhelming amount of added stress they have endured. Specifically, the divorce rate in Portugal has increased after lockdown, which underscores the adverse consequences of COVID-19 on couples. A lower quality of the couple's relationship may worsen the emotional representation of COVID-19; however, the literature suggests that perceived partner dyadic coping responses have a great influence on adverse events. The aim of the present study was to assess the mediating role of partner coping in the association between relationship quality and emotional representation of COVID-19. We also sought to observe whether the length of the relationship moderates this association. Methods: Participants (N = 528) were adults living in Portugal (84.7% female) currently in a romantic relationship with their current partner for at least 1 year. Online data collection. Results: We found that relationship quality predicted COVID-19 emotional representation, but this association was fully mediated by total dyadic coping. This association was especially significant in couples with a shorter length of time in the relationship. Conclusions: We point out the importance of dyadic coping as a protective factor against emotional distress to cope with the ongoing stressors associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. These data suggest the need for relationship education programs that promote positive coping between partners. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10608-023-10379-4.

The Impact of Resilience and Subjective Well-being on Teacher Burnout during COVID-19 in Chile / [El impacto de la resiliencia y el bienestar subjetivo en el burnout de los profesores durante el COVID-19 en Chile]

Since the COVID-19 outbreak in Chile teachers have been struggling with increased levels of stress, aggravating burnout symptoms. The present study aims to explore burnout syndrome in Chilean teachers during confinement and how worries about COVID-19, emotional balance, life satisfaction, and resilience may mediate the emotional impact. A total of 614 teachers from different education levels participated in this study (94.60% female) using a cross-sectional design and incidental sampling method. Self-report data were analysed conducting descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlations, hierarchical regressions, and mediation models. The results indicated that burnout was associated with pre-pandemic mental health problems, more worries about COVID-19, lower levels of emotional balance and resilience. The relationships between worries about COVID-19 and burnout was mediated by resilience and emotional balance. Our findings stress the need to address potential risk and protective factors for teachers’ mental health and subjective well-being during the current pandemic.(AU)

Desde el brote de COVID-19 en Chile los profesores han estado lidiando con mayores niveles de estrés, agravando los síntomas de burnout. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo explorar el síndrome de burnout en profesores chilenos durante el confinamiento y cómo las preocupaciones de COVID-19, el balance emocional, la satisfacción con la vida y la resiliencia pueden mediar el impacto emocional. Un total de 614 profesores de diferentes niveles educativos participaron en este estudio (94.60% mujeres) utilizando un diseño transversal y un método de muestreo incidental. Los datos de autoinforme se analizaron mediante estadísticas descriptivas, correlaciones de Pearson, regresiones jerárquicas y modelos de mediación. Los resultados indican que el burnout se asocia con problemas de salud mental previos, más preocupaciones por la COVID-19, nivel de balance emocional y resiliencia reducido. La relación entre la preocupación por la COVID-19 y el burnout estaba mediada por la resiliencia y el balance emocional. Los resultados subrayan la necesidad de abordar los posibles factores de riesgo y de protección para la salud mental y el bienestar subjetivo de los profesores durante la actual pandemia.(AU)

Attitudes towards Communication in Nursing Students and Nurses: Are Social Skills and Emotional Intelligence Important?

The communication attitude (ACO) of nurses can significantly influence patient health outcomes. This work aims to evaluate predictor variables of communication attitude (emotional intelligence and social skills) in nurses and nursing students separately by comparing linear and non-linear methodologies. Two samples participated in this study: 312 nursing professionals and 1369 nursing students. In total, 75.60% of the professionals and 83.80% of the students were women. After signing the informed consent form, their emotional intelligence (TMMS-24), social skills (IHS) and ACO (ACO) were assessed. It was found that ACO through linear regression models in professionals was predicted by emotional repair and, in students, by attention and emotional repair, as well as by low exposure to new situations, low social skills in the academic or work area and high empathy. Overall, the comparative qualitative models show how the combination of different skills related to emotional intelligence and social skills lead to high levels of ACO. Conversely, their low levels result in an absence of ACO. Our results highlight the importance of emotional intelligence, especially emotional repair and empathy, as well as the need to consider ways to encourage the learning of these skills in a formal way.

An Organizational Assessment of 34 Home Delivered Meals Programs that Engaged and Assisted Homebound Individuals With Obtaining the COVID-19 Vaccine During the Pandemic.

Vaccinating homebound individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic presented several challenges, including time and cost of engaging this group. In Los Angeles County, the departments of Public Health and Aging and Disabilities turned to home delivered meals programs (HDMs) for help with this public health priority. A mixed-method organizational assessment of 34 HDMs was conducted during March-April 2022 to describe these efforts. Most HDMs were nonprofit (67.6%) and had <25 staff (58.8%). Overall, they served a large catchment area before and during COVID-19, providing services to an estimated total of 24,995 clients/week and delivering 19,511 meals/day. A majority (82.4%) reported engaging their clients to facilitate COVID-19 vaccinations. As of early 2022, <6% of these HDMs' homebound clients were unvaccinated. These programs' efforts to assist older individuals who were homebound during the pandemic represent a potentially underutilized model of public-nonprofit/not-for-profit partnership for improving vaccine delivery and uptake in this hard-to-reach population.

Social and Psychological Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Adolescents' and Young Adults' Mental Health: A Cross-Cultural Mediation Study.

The ongoing pandemic has dramatically disrupted daily life, increasing the risk of developing psychiatric disorders and poor mental wellbeing. The compound effects of social, political and psychological stressors have increased psychological symptoms among adolescents and young people, with worries about COVID-19 playing a central role in the clinical course of their mental health problems caused by the pandemic. The aim of this cross-cultural study was to examine the social psychological effects of COVID-19 on adolescents' and young people's mental health and wellbeing in Ibero-American population. Participants involved 6,283 adolescents and young adults from five different Spanish-Speaking countries (83.7% female) aged between 12 and 30 years (M = 18.79; SD = 3.48). Participants completed the Worries about COVID-19 and its Consequences Scale (W-COV), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Descriptive analyses, multivariate ANOVAs and Pearson correlations were performed, as well as Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) testing a mediational model. The results indicate cross-cultural difference in COVID-19 related worries, emotional symptoms and life satisfaction. Results from SEM confirmed the overall indirect effects of COVID-19 cases, political response and participants' conditions during lockdown on depression, anxiety, stress and life satisfaction mediated by COVID-19 related worries. These findings suggest that the social psychological factors underlying psychological symptoms could be partly explained by increased worries about COVID-19 and its personal, social, economic and political consequences, which may offer guidance to policy makers and health services for safeguarding youth mental well-being.

Compassion in Spanish-speaking health care: A systematic review.

Altought compassionate care is an important factor in health care, remains an unmet need in patients. The studies have been carried out in Anglo-Saxon countries with cultural environments and health systems that are very different from Spanish-speaking contexts. The aim of this study to understand the conceptual, evaluation and clinical application nuances of compassion and compassionate care in Spanish-speaking health care settings, through a systematic review. A search of the scientific literature was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines in ProQuest Central, PubMed and Web Of Science, resulting in 295 studies, of which 27 were selected, based on the following inclusion criteria: the article studied or analyzed the construct of compassion in healthcare setting and the participants were Spanish speakers or the authors spoke of the construct in Spanish. Two blinded evaluators performed the study selection process using the Covidence tool. The agreement between evaluators was in all cases satisfactory. Different definitions of the construct have been identified, that they generally share: the recognition of suffering and the attempt to alleviate it. There are few studies that focus solely on the analysis of compassion, since other concepts appear that are associated with it, such as empathy and self-compassion. Further research is needed to obtain a better and greater understanding of compassionate care adapted to the perceptions of patients and health professionals in different socio-cultural contexts. In this way, instruments that measure compassionate care can be better developed and adjusted, and interventions aimed at promoting compassion can be properly assessed.

Personal and family factors for emotional distress in adolescents with chronic disease.

Introduction: Physical and psychological comorbidity is a challenge for public health, especially in the adolescent stage due to the difficulties of this age. The salutogenic perspective emphasizes general psychological resources such as self-esteem but also highlights the role of contextual factors such as family members in promoting health. From this perspective, the objective of this study was to analyze the joint influence of demographic factors (sex, age and type of chronic disease), personal factors (self-esteem and perception of threat of the disease) and family factors (affection and communication, psychological and behavioral control) of risk of emotional distress (anxiety-depressive symptoms) in chronically ill adolescents. Methods: The study is a cross-sectional design with 495 adolescents with chronic disease aged 12-16 years. In order to obtain the results, a linear methodology was used to compare means and perform regressions to predict belonging to the anxiety and depression typologies. Four typologies were constructed: typology I (high anxiety and depression scores); typology II (high anxiety and low depression scores); typology III (low anxiety and high depression scores) and typology IV (low anxiety and depression scores). Results: The results were consistent with the salutugenic theory. Potential mediating or moderating roles of age, sex, self-esteem, perceived threat and psychological and behavioral control marked the differences between the typologies. Discussion: This population could benefit from interventions focused on family flexibility.

Is acceptance and commitment therapy helpful in reducing anxiety symptomatology in people aged 65 or over? A systematic review.

Anxiety-related mental health problems constitute a health challenge, especially in the elderly population. At present, there are few psychological treatments to reduce anxiety adapted to this group. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to determine the therapeutic effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on anxiety in older adults, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. Two blinded reviewers participated in the search, selection and methodological quality assessment processes; reaching satisfactory levels of agreement between reviewers (κ > 0.70). The search was performed in PubMed, Proquest Central, Scopus and Web of Science; making use of standardized terms for the construction of the algorithm. In the general search 348 studies were found. After applying the eligibility criteria and excluding duplicates, seven articles were extracted for qualitative analysis. The total number of subjects was 633, with an average age of 68.89 years (68.94% women). The analysis of methodological rigor showed moderate indices on average. The publications focused primarily on samples with a diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder, proposing a variety of assessment tests for related dependent variables, especially depressive symptoms and psychological flexibility. Critical analysis of the findings provides evidence for the efficacy of ACT in reducing anxious and depressive symptoms in older adults. This study proposes the use of this procedure as a non-pharmacological alternative for a group usually underrepresented in the scientific literature on this topic.

E-Health Psychological Intervention for COVID-19 Healthcare Workers: Protocol for its Implementation and Evaluation.

(1) Background: Healthcare workers have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Digital interventions have been carried out that have been effective with this population; however, few have been reported in Latin America. Our aim is to describe the components and methods to evaluate the feasibility and utility of an online multi-component psychological intervention for healthcare workers in Mexico during COVID-19. (2) Methods: This study is a randomized clinical trial with two arms: (1) self-applied intervention and (2) intervention delivered online by therapists. The participants are randomly assigned to one arm, receiving the same treatment contents in both groups. The "Personal COVID" intervention consists of an internet platform containing 9 nuclear and 3 complementary modules. The objectives of the intervention are: (1) to reduce anxiety, depressive symptoms, burnout, and compassion fatigue, and (2) to increase the quality of life, sleep quality, self-care, and their skills to give bad news. The protocol has been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT04890665). (3) Discussion: This protocol is designed according to the highest scientific standards following the SPIRIT guidelines. The "Personal COVID" intervention is expected to be of high efficacy in treating the emotional distress of healthcare workers and promoting their health during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Beyond p Values: A Qualitative Evaluation of the Aging Mastery Program Implementation in Los Angeles County.

BACKGROUND: The National Council on Aging's Aging Mastery Program (AMP) aims to help older adults implement health behavior and lifestyle changes to promote healthy aging. The purpose of this community-partnered evaluation was to assess the effectiveness of the implementation in Los Angeles, and understand participant outcomes beyond the findings of a randomized waitlist controlled trial. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this qualitative process evaluation was to deepen our understanding of participant outcomes and potential site-level implementation issues with the randomized waitlist controlled trial, as participant and site lead satisfaction ratings were very high. METHODS: After the intervention was completed, interviews were conducted with site directors to understand potential challenges or barriers in the implementation of AMP, participant feedback were reviewed for common themes, and focus groups were conducted to elicit additional insight feedback. RESULTS: Analysis of interviews with site directors revealed that the study design was characterized by its complexity, but that the overall AMP program was very compatible with the sites' goals and met the needs of the participants. The participants reported greater interest in nutrition and healthy eating, the importance of exercise and 'preparing' for important life decisions, which were not captured through the measures used in the waitlist controlled trial. CONCLUSIONS: Future evaluations of the AMP should continue the use of mixed methods evaluation designs in order to understand both the quantitative and qualitative outcomes of the program, and consider including measures of other constructs, such as socialization, that have been identified by the participants.

Adaptación del Parenting Stress Index-4 Short Form en Madres Mexicanas de Preescolares / Adaptation of the Parenting Stress Index-4 Short Form in Mexican Mothers

Resumen La escala Parenting Stress Index-4-Short Form (PSI-4-SF) es uno de los instrumentos más utilizados en la medición del estrés parental en el ámbito de la investigación sobre este tema. El propósito de este estudio fue analizar la estructura factorial y confiabilidad de una versión traducida y adaptada a la población mexicana. Los reactivos de la prueba fueron traducidos y adaptados al español, utilizando el procedimiento estándar de traducción y retraducción. Participaron voluntariamente 332 mujeres entre 18 y 51 años de edad (M=34.27 D.E.=7.34) que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión; quienes contestaron individualmente la escala en línea. Mediante Análisis Factorial Exploratorio, emergieron dos factores que explicaron el 50.26% de la varianza (KMO=.848): Factor I Distrés parental (33.26% de la varianza explicada, α ordinal= .822) y Factor II Malestar por el cuidado de los hijos (17% de la varianza explicada, α ordinal= .869). En esta adaptación sólo se conservaron 20 de los 36 reactivos que constituyen la escala original. Con lo obtenido se plantea la posibilidad de una medición eficaz del estrés parental en madres de preescolares en población mexicana, lo que permite continuar con esta línea de investigación.

Abstract Some studies have pointed out that parental stress has a greater capacity to affect the upbringing and development of children, than the presence of stress in any other area of life. The most recognized theory on parental stress is the one developed by Abidin, which describes three components: "parents"; "child"; and the "parent-child relationship". The Parenting Stress Index-4-Short Form (PSI-4-SF) is one of the most widely used measures in the field of parental stress research. Despite its widespread use, no consensus has been reached on the items that make up each of the three dimensions. There is a lack of a valid and reliable version of this scale that can be use in Mexican population. The purpose of the present study was to: Culturally translate and adapt the PSI4-SF into Spanish, and to test the construct validity (factor structure) and reliability of the adapted version to the Mexican population. The test items were translated and adapted to Spanish, using a standard forward- and back-translation procedure. Voluntary participants were 332 women between 18 and 51 years of age (M=34.27 SD=7.34) who met the inclusion criteria, they answered the scale online. Internal consistency and factor structure were assessed. By Exploratory Factor Analysis two factors emerged that explained 50.26% of the variance (KMO=.848): Factor I (33.26% of the variance explained, α ordinal= .822) and Factor II (17% of the variance explained, α ordinal= .869), retaining only 20 of the 36 items that constitute the original scale. An equivalent Spanish version of the PSI-4-SF was obtained with good evidence of reliability and validity. These results suggest the possibility of an effective measurement of parental stress in mothers of preschoolers in the Mexican population.

Individual Factors Associated With COVID-19 Infection: A Machine Learning Study.

The fast, exponential increase of COVID-19 infections and their catastrophic effects on patients' health have required the development of tools that support health systems in the quick and efficient diagnosis and prognosis of this disease. In this context, the present study aims to identify the potential factors associated with COVID-19 infections, applying machine learning techniques, particularly random forest, chi-squared, xgboost, and rpart for feature selection; ROSE and SMOTE were used as resampling methods due to the existence of class imbalance. Similarly, machine and deep learning algorithms such as support vector machines, C4.5, random forest, rpart, and deep neural networks were explored during the train/test phase to select the best prediction model. The dataset used in this study contains clinical data, anthropometric measurements, and other health parameters related to smoking habits, alcohol consumption, quality of sleep, physical activity, and health status during confinement due to the pandemic associated with COVID-19. The results showed that the XGBoost model got the best features associated with COVID-19 infection, and random forest approximated the best predictive model with a balanced accuracy of 90.41% using SMOTE as a resampling technique. The model with the best performance provides a tool to help prevent contracting SARS-CoV-2 since the variables with the highest risk factor are detected, and some of them are, to a certain extent controllable.

Analysis of predictors of stress during confinement by COVID-19 in Spain.

Confinement has had a great emotional impact on the population, especially in terms of stress. Factors such as the presence of previous mental or physical illness, resilience or emotional intelligence may influence the occurrence or increase of stress. The aim was to assess predictors of stress by comparing two statistical methodologies (one linear and one non-linear).

Análisis de los predictores delestrés durante el confinamiento porCOVID-19 en España / Analysis of predictors of stress during stress during confinement by COVID-19 in Spain

Introducción: El confinamiento ha supuesto un gran impacto emocional en la población observándose, especialmente, el padecimiento de estrés. Factores como la presencia de enfermedades mentales o físicas previas, la resiliencia o la inteligencia emocional, pueden influir en la aparición o el aumento del estrés. El objetivo fue evaluar los predictores del estrés mediante la comparación de dos metodologías estadísticas (una lineal y otra no lineal). Método: Participaron 802 españoles (65,50% mujeres), que rellenaron de manera autónoma los cuestionarios tras la firma del consentimiento informado. Se valoró el estrés (PSPP), la percepción de amenaza del COVID-19 (BIPQ5), la resiliencia (CD-RISC-10) y la inteligencia emocional (TMMS-24). Se llevaron a cabo estadísticos descriptivos, regresiones jerárquicas (MRJ) y análisis cualitativos comparativos de conjuntos difusos (fsQCA).Resultados: Los datos obtenidos por MRJ evidenciaron que la presencia de una enfermedad mental previa, unabaja resiliencia y claridad emocional, una alta atención emocional y percepción de amenaza del COVID-19, predijeron el 51% de la varianza del estrés. Por su parte, los resultados del QCA mostraron que las diferentes combinaciones de estas variables explicaron el 71% de los casos de altos niveles de estrés y, el 56%, de los bajos niveles de estrés, señalando como la presencia de una enfermedad mental previa, la alta resiliencia, la alta claridad y reparación emocional, la baja atención emocional y la baja percepción de amenaza del COVID-19, juegan un papel fundamental en la explicación del estrés.Conclusiones: Estos aspectos ayudarán a promover los recursos personales para amortiguar el estrés en situaciones de confinamiento. (AU)

Introduction: Confinement has had a great emotional impact on the population, especially in terms of stress. Factors such as the presence of previous mental or physical illness, resilience or emotional intelligence may influence theoccurrence or increase of stress. The aim was to assess predictors of stress by comparing two statistical methodologies (one linear and one non-linear).Method: 802 Spaniards (65.50% women) who completed the questionnaires autonomously after signing the informed consent form participated. Stress (PSPP), COVID-19 threat perception (BIPQ-5), resilience (CD-RISC-10) and emotional intelligence (TMMS-24) were assessed. Descriptive statistics,hierarchical regression (HRM) and fuzzy set comparative qualitative analysis (fsQCA) were conducted.Results: Data obtained by HRM showed that the presence of previous mental illness, low resilience and emotional clarity, high emotional alertness and COVID-19 threat perceptionpredicted 51% of the variance in stress. On the other hand, the results of the QCA showed that different combinations of these variables explained 71% of high stress and 56% oflow stress. Pointing out how the presence of previous mental illness, high resilience, high emotional clarity and repair, low emotional alertness and low COVID-19 threat perception play a key role in explaining stress. Conclusions: These aspects will help to promote personal resources to buffer stress in confinement situations. (AU)